What has happened since Britain’s historic and unexpected decision to leave the European Union?
In the absence of any hard news, at least until the last few days, on when Article 50 will be implemented and what model Brexit might take, the past 100 days has mostly included recrimination, posturing, bewilderment and a little impatience.
The principle focus has been on the performance of the UK and European economies as they get used to the shock of the impended departure.
Overall the pound has slipped from above €1.30 on 22nd June to below €1.15 three months later. It has consistently been below €1.20 since the 24th June. The euro was worth around US$1.125 before the Referendum but has slipped to around 1.115 since.
Here we look at the main developments since the Referendum. When it happened and what people said:
The UK has voted to leave the European Union.
23rd June
The UK votes: “Should the United Kingdom remain a member of the European Union or leave the European Union?”
24th June
00.15am: The Sunderland result for Leave sends shock waves through the country.
6.01am: The result is called. The UK has voted to leave the European Union.
8.08am: David Cameron resigns as Prime Minister
9am: The pound drops to €1.23
28-29th June
EU summit. European leaders insist that the UK cannot delay invoking Article 50 and cannot have a la carte access to the single market. Donald Tusk, the EU council president, says access to the single market “requires acceptance of all four EU freedoms – including freedom of movement.”
Jean-Claude Juncker, EU Commission President, says Britain must invoke Article 50 “as soon as possible” and there can be “no negotiations whatsoever” – formal or informal – until it has. Juncker bans his commissioners from any talks with the British until then.
Theresa May says “Brexit will be Brexit”.
30th June
Credit ratings agency Standard & Poor’s downgrades the UK’s AA+ rating to AA and places UK on “negative watch”, a warning of future downgrades.
11th July
Theresa May says “Brexit will be Brexit”. Later in the day she becomes de facto Prime Minister when her last opponent, Andrea Leadsom, withdraws from the contest.
13th July
New Prime Minister Theresa May appoints three prominent Leave campaigners in key government posts charged with implementing Brexit, including Boris Johnson as Foreign Secretary.
21st July
Mr Draghi, president of the European Central Bank (ECB) says: “Our assessment is that euro area financial markets have weathered the spike in uncertainty and volatility with courage and resilience”
The ECB and the European Commission estimates that Brexit will hamper Eurozone GDP by 0.2% to 0.5% over three years.
Value of euro rises to US$1.1056, from $1.102 previously, although it rapidly falls back.
Theresa May says “Brexit will be Brexit”. Frederic Legrand – COMEO / Shutterstock.com.
27th July
Mrs May refuses to give guarantee of EU immigrants’ right to work in Britain unless Britons get the same rights in Europe. “I want to be able to guarantee their rights in the UK. I expect to be able to do that and I intend to be able to guarantee their rights. The only circumstances in which that would not be possible would be if the rights of British citizens living in other EU member states were not guaranteed.”
Mrs May reiterates that invoking Article 50 requires more time to enable all parties to work out the “nature of our relationship”.
28th July
Government announcement that the UK economy rose 0.6% in Q2, before Referendum, but important industries were either already falling (construction), about to fall (retail) or booming but likely to be Brexit affected (cars).
Sterling drops, despite the growth figures.
Mrs May refuses to give guarantee of EU immigrants’ right to work in Britain.
4th August
The Bank of England (BoE) predicts growth will come to a near-standstill in the rest of 2016 and be much weaker in 2017 and 2018 than predicted before the Brexit vote. BoE unveils plan to mitigate negative effects of Referendum vote
1. Cuts interest rates from 0.50% to 0.25%. Signals further cuts possible.
2. Additional £100bn funds for banks to cushion the blow to their profitability from lower interest rates
3. Additional £60bn in electronic cash into the economy to buy government bonds, extending the existing quantitative easing programme to £435bn in total.
Nevertheless, even with this stimulus package, it forecasts slower earnings growth and 250,000 job losses.
Chancellor of the Exchequer Philip Hammond says “Alongside the actions the Bank is taking, I am prepared to take any necessary steps to support the economy and promote confidence.”
18th August
UK retail sales are shown to be up in July.
GfK consumer confidence measure bounces back strongly after initial post-referendum worries.
31st August
GfK consumer confidence measure bounces back strongly after initial post-referendum worries. “The uptick in confidence is driven by hard data, the combination of historic low interest rates matched with falling prices and high levels of employment”, says Joe Staton at GfK. UK consumers understand we are in a “new wait-and-see reality of a post-Brexit, pre-exit UK.”
6th September
BoE leaves rates on hold, scales back gloomy predictions as retail sales remain buoyant. Most MPC members, however, expect further cut later in year.
9th September
Mr Draghi says that recovery in the euro area will be hampered by subdued foreign demand, caused partly by post-Referendum uncertainty: “The risks to the euro area growth outlook remain tilted to the downside and relate mainly to the external environment.”
However, the ECB nevertheless raises its 2016 forecast for growth from 1.6% to 1.7%, while cutting forecasts for 2017 and 2018 from 1.7% to 1.6%.
17th September
Jean-Claude Juncker says that Mrs May told him the UK is likely to trigger Article 50 in January or February 2017.
He insists there will be no compromise on free movement of workers if UK wants access to the single market. “This is not a game. It is about the rights of ordinary people, of workers in Europe. I can’t see any possibility of compromising on that very issue.”
Mrs May offers bullish warning on Brexit negotiations.
20th September
Mrs May offers bullish warning on Brexit negotiations: “We will be negotiating with them and we will be ambitious in what we want to see for the United Kingdom… The 27 will sign up to a deal with us”.
22nd September
Positive economic data:
Office for National Statistics (ONS) reports “No sign of a major collapse in confidence”, post Brexit. It makes the claim based on data including prices, trade, employment and retail sales published since the Referendum. The ONS finds that although the Brexit vote had an immediate impact on the stock market and the pound, the result appears “not to have had a major effect on the UK economy”. ONS Chief Economist Joe Grice said: The UK economy “hasn’t fallen at the first fence but longer-term effects remain to be seen.”
OECD: Reverses earlier warnings and revises growth forecast for this year to 1.8% from 1.7%. However it cuts its 2017 growth forecasts from 2% to 1%.
22nd September
Prominent German businessman Mathias Dopfner, CEO of the publisher Axel Springer, tells the FT that Britain’s future looks good outside the EU: “In three to five years from now my bet would be that England will be better off than continental Europe.”
Travelers complain of exchange rates in tourist hotspots below €1 per £1.
23rd September
Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson says the government will be triggering Article 50 early in 2017 and it could take less than two years to leave the EU.
26th September
Pound dips below €1.15 for first time in three years as fears of “Hard Brexit”, outside of the single market, grow.
Travelers complain of exchange rates in tourist hotspots below €1 per £1.
29th September
Standard & Poor’s notes that the UK has not fallen into recession: “The sky has not fallen on either side of the Channel.” It suggests that this is due to swift replacement of David Cameron, delaying of attempts to hit budget surplus and lowering of interest rates.
Pound rises above €1.16.